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Down the Barrel of the Gun Issue in America

It has been more than a month since Nicolas Cruz attacked a school in Parkland, Florida killing 17 people and sparking a flame in the minds of the youth known as the Never Again movement and as the movement strengthens and grows, the confusion of those who are just passerby muddle the effect. For most, the issue is convoluted and strange, so simple and yet complicated at the same time. Many don’t even know why these mass shootings keep happening and if there is something to be done. In most, the reasoning for why one would even attempt an attack at such scale is inconceivable and foreign. The majority have debated for years on the right solution with nothing ever coming to fruition and the violence continues. The gem that we all search for has already been found, just ignored as believers of other causes block out the facts presented and continue to dig down for their own gems, ones that will lead to the solution that they want to believe is true. The result that is a mass shooting comes from many factors but the blame lies for the most part in the laws in place.True laws maintain rights while regulating the freedoms for safety concerns and the same should apply to gun laws. For as it is with other legislation, laws for gun control, adhering to the pure spirit of the second amendment, have the paradoxical effect of well regulation yielding genuine and valued freedom.

The popular topic though is that spirit of the second amendment and which interpretation is right. Some argue that rights of guns belong to the people and the government cannot restrict it. In others, the amendment was made for regulation and only through regulation can freedom be gained. These theories are defined by the Cornell Law School as the “collective rights theory” and the “individual rights theory”. To find the true spirit of the amendment though, we must look in the past to when it was written. The second amendment reads “The Second Amendment of the United States Constitution reads: “A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.” ” Looking solely at grammar and understanding what a comma means in sentence structure, the amendment appears as an organized list of information that impacts and guides the original topic, “A well regulated Militia” being that precursor knowledge. Removing the commas and phrases contained by the commas that refine the idea, the amendment reads “A well regulated Militia shall not be infringed.” There is the true spirit of the amendment. All the additional information is meant to refine that original idea, not change or redefine it. But to truly understand that spirit, one must also consider why the second amendment was written in the first place. During the drafting of the constitution, many were concerned that the new government would have the power to dismantle the state militias which had, in the past, offered protection and safety for each state and gave them power. Carl T. Bogus of the Roger Williams University School of Law remarks that the South was afraid “that the federal government [would] use its newly-acquired constitutional powers to subvert the slave system by depriving the states of armed militia” and in Anti-Federalist Papers Number 28, it is a whole discussion on the government’s possible control over the militia. The colonials were indeed very afraid of this power and what it would mean for their state power. In response, James Madison wrote the Second Amendment to calm the fears of the anti-federalists and the amendment shines in new light. Its true spirit is to show that the Constitution supported the rights of a militia and would never infringe them. Yet in our modern society, there is a stigma around the term militia, that we have at this point evolved from such colonial sentiment. In reality we have but in essence we have not. Recall that the states before the constitution had militias for their protection and were regulated by the states. Compare that to the modern state guards, volunteer defenses regulated by the state that they are in. The state guards that exist in every state are the modern colonial militias so by inherent design, the second amendment in principle is applied to them alone, not for the people.

However, by efforts by the National Rifle Association or NRA to be discussed down the line and the changing culture of our time, many now own guns and claim that they are protected under the amendment. To refine the law for the times then, let us remove the militia part and replace it with laws. Even then, the Amendment carries with it a heavy truth that is evident in State Guards and must needs be recognized if it is to be applied to a public view. Guns and the rights of owning them must be well-regulated, as described in the amendment. This one truth is often removed from the conversation of gun rights and is present in much rhetoric, even going as far as saying that the idea of regulating guns is evil and removes freedom. So, let’s take a look in the past, where we envision that classic cowboy, pistols by his side with ammo aplenty. Turns out, that image is a straight myth. As Robert J. Spitzer of the Duke University School of Law finds, gun laws populated colonial times like pollen on a spring wind. In his research he summarized and categorized 760 laws from the colonial times to the National Firearm Act of 1934 filtering out “state constitutional provisions, weapons laws that did not specifically mention firearms, and British laws from the early colonial period” while keeping state laws, laws of territories that eventually became states, and colonial laws. Many of these may even surprise you, perhaps being even more strict than our current laws. In regards Restrictions on Hunting, hunting seasons of animals were established and penalizations made as early as 1721, North Carolina penalizing off season hunting with “a fine of five pounds and “forfeiture of his gun.” ” and some states even requiring a hunting licence. In regards to Firing Location Restrictions, laws were made in the 1600’s barring “not only the firing of firearms in or near towns, but firing after dark, on Sundays, or near roads…firing that wasted gunpowder, or that occurred while under the influence of alcohol.” Most detailed is Gun Carry Restrictions, where by the late 1800’s, 35 states had carry restrictions and as mentioned before, the ideal of a wild west shootout has been way exaggerated. According to historian Richard Shenkman: “The truth is many more people have died in Hollywood westerns than ever died on the real frontier….In the real Dodge City, for instance, there were just five killings in 1878, the most homicidal year….In the most violent year in Deadwood, South Dakota, only four people were killed. In the worst year in Tombstone, home of the shoot-out at the OK Corral, only five people were killed. The only reason the OK Corral shoot-out even became famous was that town boosters deliberately overplayed the drama to attract new settlers.” In regards to Arms and Ammunition Trafficking, Georgia and other states levied taxes on one owning more than a certain amount of guns. In regards to Storage Regulations, Massachusetts decreed in 1782 that any loaded firearm stored in a living place such as a barn, shop, warehouse, or otherwise would be in risk of seizure and then sold at a public auction. In general, gun owners would be required to attend munsters every year where their guns would be inspected and licences renewed. Finally, in all 760 laws reviewed, only one had a mention of individual gun rights and that is only because it misquoted the Second Amendment. 760 laws and all of them regulating guns. In regards to our own gun, we have a fraction of them still in effect. Even if the 2008 ruling on the Second Amendment stands, there is no evidence that can be given to justify not regulating the rights of guns.

Now, in this recent movement, many supporters of the NRA have been attacked with hate speech and comments blaming them for gun violence. That should never happen and is not an acceptable practice by anyone in any right. Even with the upcoming comment, attacking one’s family and using hate speech is both rude and vidicitive and undermines the want for peace and lack of gun violence. That being said, direct the comments not at the people who belong to the NRA, people who believe in protecting their rights and love guns for their many uses, but rather at those who lead the NRA. They have been the ones blocking and lobbying against gun control even though for most of their history, the NRA was in support of the same intense regulation of guns as was in the 1800’s. A look back at history proves that fact more than even the organization wants to admit to. Founded by Civil War veterans and a former reporter from the New York Times in 1871, they set off to teach the North how to fight after their poor display during the war. As the organization grew, they made deals with the government and expanded into teaching others about the sport and safety of guns, gaining several firing ranges in the process. When the Great Depression rolled around, they helped Roosevelt to draft the first federal gun control laws and for the rest of their history, supported and rallied for gun control. President of the NRA Karl T. Frederick in 1939 even testified to Congress saying “I have never believed in the general practice of carrying weapons. I do not believe in the general promiscuous toting of guns. I think it should be sharply restricted and only under licenses.” The two laws named the 1934 National Firearms Act and the 1938 Gun Control Act were unanimously upheld by the Supreme Court and later passed. What a sharp contrast it is from todays NRA and how tragic their fall was. It was in 1971 that it all changed, when the FBI shot and paralyzed a long time NRA member suspected of storing illegal guns and weapons. At this point, many members began to believe that the government wanted to take away all guns and latched onto the beliefs of guns from the Black Panther Party. To clarify, the Black Panther Party was the same group lead by Malcolm X during the Civil Rights Era. Finally, as the leaders were about to move out of politics and become an organization focused on the sport of guns, members lead by Harlon Carter overthrew their leaders in a coup that has become known as the Cincinnati Revolt of 1977. They appointed Carter as the new president and lead a movement to redefine the Second Amendment to what it is today, a giant Mandela Effect that now controls our nation. Their past is almost like a terrorist organization’s, good values taken too far by extremists bent on shaping the world in any means necessary. Hilariously, their website matches this information except for the period of time when they were influenced by the Blank Panthers and when they took over the NRA. They even try to justify to their current constituents that they were always in defense of the Second Amendment, they just weren’t always active about it beforehand. For all their ads of spreading the truth of guns, they are really bad at telling their own truth. The fact continues to resound clear that the NRA resolves to only let an ideological past reflect their values while ignoring the history that set their precedents.

“The gun is the only thing that will free us — gain us our liberation” was a motto of the Black Panthers, taught to early recruits along with the belief that the Second Amendment gives an individual right to guns. The same values are reflected throughout the actions of the NRA and in all of their rhetoric. Ever since the change in leadership, they have been throwing gun control under the bus and using members of Congress to push that rhetoric and it’s been working. On a show run by John Oliver and HBO titled Last Week Tonight, John analyzed the NRA and found some very disturbing facts. On the NRA-ILA page, there is a way to take action on gun control. And it’s not just a write your congressman based platform. There is an entire alert page for you to track every pro and anti-gun law and specified times and places to show up to vote for or against. For every one of those, members show up in droves and all proclaim no on the laws. It is almost incredible how well they can systematically attack or support any legislation across the country, a well oiled machine of lobbyists. After the shootings in Orlando, Florida which happened near the filming of the piece, a law was proposed that many had hope for. The footage shows a lackluster vote where within a space of 5 seconds the bill died in the depressed hum of a no vote. After the Parkland shooting, the student activists traveled to Tallahassee, Florida to support a law to outright ban semi-automatic guns. While those students were in the stands, the law was voted in the favor of the opposition and the bill was scrapped. The influence is incredible and only gets worse. John also found that In 1996, the NRA successfully lobbied Congress to pass the Dickey Amendment which stated that “none of [their] funds made available…may be used to advocate or promote gun control.” The result was a 96% decrease in funding for gun research, from $5.6 billion to only $100,000. The opposition will try to say that restrictions on gun provocation could not have caused that but how exactly is the CDC allowed to release any research on gun violence if everything points to more regulation and less guns? More ludicrous is that that same restriction has been approved by Congress every year since. The NRA policy though is starkly different from that, tweeting around 7 am on Thursday March 22nd, 2018 that “The NRA fully supports research, both private and public, which examines the root causes of violence in our communities.” They have even blocked the ATF or Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives “from having a database that is electronically searchable by name when tracing the origins of firearms.” The rhetoric by the NRA continues to confuse any who read it as well as contradict statements made throughout history and their policy of loose laws is no different. Above, it was shown that the history of the US has been riddled with gun laws that have been effective throughout history. All of those laws helped to prevent criminals from accessing guns and life was better for it. The NRA’s stance on laws is almost laughable tweeting “More laws only hurt law-abiding Americans and give an upper hand to criminals.” Are you kidding?! Their push for loose laws is having a deadly effect on the country even as they keep pushing to reassure all that everything is fine.

To understand this, consider this unconventional approach, a way to give a rational comparison to a highly contested issue. For the experiment, consider all you know about automobiles. Like a gun is to many, it is an expression of themselves and we do all we an to protect and care for our giant hunks of metal. In law, there are many regulations and punishments on actions involving these vehicles and with good reason as the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration cites 37,461 lives were lost on the road in 2016. The process for even getting a license is strenuous in and of itself. In the state of Utah, one must complete the Learner’s Permit Application (Form DLD6a), show proof of birth, Social Security number, and residence, pass the written test (50 questions) and vision test complete a medical questionnaire, get your photo taken, and pay the $15 learner’s permit fee just to get a Learners Permit. An actual License is obtained after turning 16 years old, having completed the 40 hours of behind-the-wheel practice, held a learner’s permit for 6 months (or until you turn 18 years old) or 90 days, if you are 19 years old or older, pass/get 100% on the Traffic Safety and Trends Exam, show proof of completion of your driver’s education program if under 19, complete the Driver License Application (Form DLD6a), submit your Utah learner’s permit, provide your birth certificate, Social Security number, and proof of your UT residency, have your parent or legal guardian sign your application and certify that you have completed the required driving practice time, have your photo taken, pass the vision test and complete a medical questionnaire, pass the road test and finally pay the $30 driver license fee. All in all, that is a 27 step process for a single licence. And then there are the tickets. Going to fast in some areas can cost hundreds, repeated attempts the removal of a licence, crashes meaning thousands of dollars in property damages without insurance, et cetera et cetera.

How is all that applicable in our gun issue? Well, let’s apply the sentiment of the NRA or rather now the National Regulators of Automobiles. Courtesy of the New York Times, the current federal plan for gun control is “Pass an instant background check that considers criminal convictions, domestic violence and immigration status” and then buy a gun. In this world, the NRA has campaigned and successfully convinced the country that cars are a right of the people and should be protected at all costs. Everyone should have access to one and anyone who opposes this is attacked by the courts. Even research into car crashes has been halted, the members of Congress unwilling to give up the money that the NRA pays them. As for getting a license, one must only go through a check for criminal actions and violence, and whether you are a citizen before you are able to get a licence. No previous driving experience or training is required. Freedom to drive! The absolute result would be chaos, accidental deaths and terror on the roads. Many would be scared to go out for fear of death. And, as there would be no regulations on cars, there are no rules of the road anymore either, gangs able to control the streets and race on the roads.

But then, for comparison’s sake, apply the strict regulations of the automobile to guns. One would then need to take a lot of training and testing to get a gun licence, purchase the gun they want from a certified dealer, and wait until an appropriate age to buy one. If an individual had mental handicaps or physical problems, those would be addressed before the handling of a gun was advised. There would be regulation set up for when a gun could be used and where and breaking regulation could get the gun confiscated and the licence terminated for a time. The biggest accidents would have severe punishments, as they do with cars. And as a final point, a licence would need to be renewed. The world would be a much safer place. So why is it that this idea is put out by the NRA and gun supporters as a ludicrous and corrupt use of power that takes away freedom. And then, why are we are ok being dragged down by the process of getting a car and wish that to never happen with our guns? By the CDC’s figures, regulation in the 1960’s onward has diminished the amount of deaths per 100 million by 90%, even though drivers have increased nearly 11 fold. Compared to 5 killings in Dodge City of 1878, the average rate of death by guns in 2016 was 12 per 100,000. No change in regulation. The effect is staggering. A look at the deaths also shows a great difference. In 2016, the deaths caused by guns were 38,658 compared to the previously stated and regulated 37,461 deaths by cars. Just imagine if guns had regulation and the decrease that would occur. More rules has, throughout history, always yielded more protection and in some cases more freedom, cars being restricted but able to push the limits in some areas, just like you can push the limits of a gun in a firing range.

What’s even more astounding is that immense amount of regulation has been implemented in other countries and the result is as was theorized. In a report by the New York Times summarizing laws across the world, almost every country has at least six different regulations compared to our two. More interestingly, there was a trend of common requirements across the world such as having to actively go to a sporting club or being a gun collector, giving a notable reason for needing a gun other than average self defense, completing a gun safety course and exam, and applying for a licence for the specific gun you want. And since the implications of said laws, almost no violence. Australia for example has not had a mass shooting for 22 years after the passing of their National Firearms Agreement and there is sufficient evidence that can directly link the law to the results. The UK has one of the lowest gun homicide rates in the world after passing legislation banning handguns in 1996. JApan is most unique as they have accepted pacifism since WWII and regulated guns strictly, resulting in almost no violence at all. The below graph confirms these statements and sentiments, no other country has as many mass murders to the amount of guns owned than the US, the amount of guns available often dependant on the regulations on buying guns.

In regards to a second graph, it shows Yemen as having the second gun ownership rate in the country and a higher amount of mass shooters per 100 million people to guns per hundred people than the US. The US and Yemen share a high amount of mass shooters than any other, Yemen only differing as an unstable and war stricken country. You know what else the US and Yemen share? Their restrictions on guns. Both countries have only two steps for buying a gun, the initial US step being a background check while Yemen’s initial step as finding a gun to buy. Looking squarely at the facts and comparing them to the graphs, the reality is disheartening.

And yet, with all these facts pilling up, others claim there are other reasons for the disparity. For those who cite violent video games as a problem in our youth, a statistics company posts the US as being the second largest gaming market by revenue in 2017 at 25.43% with China reigning at 32.54% and Japan below at 14.05%. Assuming the same games are distributed in each region as information on such query was inconclusive, those stats don’t match up with the gun violence expressed in the graphs. Then it must be mental health they say! In a statistical analysis by Dr. Michael H. Stone, MD, he analyzed 235 different mass shootings from the 1900s to 2015 and found that only 22% could be considered a result of mental health. However, it needs be made clear that mental health should slumped to the general category of bad or assumed for anyone exhibiting violent behavior. Breaking style for this one moment, I myself am autistic and in some cases easily annoyed to the point of violence. However, through help, I have overcome my challenges for the most part and actually have many skills that help out in daily life. Mental health is a struggle that can be overcome through hard work and should never be assumed as a trait of violence. Take autism for example, often expressed by the populous as a troubling disease, though often only focusing on the extreme sides of the spectrum. It may then surprise you that a study in 2016 found a link between autism and higher intelligence, the idea then repeated by several other researchers. However, I am off track. There is another interesting note in Stone’s research if you direct your attention the graph below.

Notice the amount of semi-automatic mass shootings after the NRA changed course, that time being 1980–90, and then the barring of CDC research and other laws in 1990–1999. The US’s rate of massacres spiked and has stayed higher than any other country for years and as the US’s rates increase, other countries decrease. It is also poignant to observe that the US has been decreasing in mass shootings overall since that spike, both in research by the CDC and by the graph. That information is often used by gun lobbyists to validate not having gun control. Realize though that since that spike and removal of gun laws by the NRA, there continue to be attacks and violence at a constant rate compared to the past where violence almost never occured and gun laws were continually put in place after every attack. The lack of gun laws and gun violence associated can never come close to the lack of attacks when there were regulated laws and the attempt to do so would be naive.

There is no excuse for our slaking in gun laws. The facts ring true across history, in our own past and internationally. The laws of gun control in those countries adhere to the pure spirit of the second amendment, and prove the paradoxical effect of well regulation yielding genuine and valued freedom, a freedom that has given them great opportunities throughout time. The stereotypes of the present paint the world in a facade that the NRA continue to hide behind. We must break out of their Mandela Effect and embrace the truth and hunt for more that other nations have already accepted. The best advised way is then to join this fledgling movement and help them grow. The children have redirected questions for every misdirection and reflection given. The March For Our Lives movement has rallied companies to their aid, Delta CEO Ed Bastian stating “Our decision was not made for economic gain and our values are not for sale” after they cut ties with the NRA. Dicks Sporting Goods joined the fight as well, promising to permanently stop commerce for assault type weapons, bump stocks, and large ammunition clips as of February 28th, 2018 and urged lawmakers to implement a universal database for banned firearm buyers among other things. Creators have also joined in praising the bravery of the kids, Lin Manuel Miranda and Ben Platten pledging their allegiance to the cause through a moving song and promising to march with them while Oprah and George Clooney donated $500,000 each to their cause. Twitter trends such as #NeverAgain, #BoycottNRA, and #MarchForChange sweep the nation and proclaim the will of many. Will you join these brave souls and their fight for lives to never feel the sting of a bullet, or will you side with the leadership of the NRA, repeating their recent advertisement, the spokesperson Dana Loesch stating that “we are done with your agenda to undermine voters will and individual liberty in America”. When survivor Emma Gonzales questioned that same NRA spokesperson about limiting semi-automatic rifles and modifications to make them automatic, she praised their efforts for using their individual power but dodged the question by citing other facts and statistics while avoiding her own opinion or directly answering the question.

The only truth important to the NRA is their own. They ask for proof, let them deny this proof. They say they want freedom and peace but they are living in a movie. Having a gun does not give you the strength to stand in front of another shooter without fear and save the day, it only makes you a bigger target. Stand up for yourself and for others with truth and facts as your ammunition. Let the NRA see the pure freedom of America in standing up for their. Tear down their facade and reveal their true history. Join the students all over the country on March 24th, 2018 and the upcoming march on April 20th, 2018 as they march for truth. Continue to support their cause until the plague of gun violence has been wiped from our country as it has been from others. #IWillMarch. Will you?

Annotated Bibliography

“About the NRA.” NRA.ORG, home.nra.org/about-the-nra/.

After days of searching, I finally found the about page of the NRA and had a fun read. I used it in my paragraph describing the history of the NRA and as a comparison to my research of the NRA. It’s actually a hilarious comparison.

Used for some statistics on deaths by cars and the decrease of deaths over time. The context is comparing gun regulation and deaths to cars. A very great recommendation by a friend.

Obvious by the title, this is a continuation of the Car v.s. Gun regulation paragraphs and aptly used to describe getting a driver’s licence. Man, can you imagine gun regulations how its is to get a car? I can, it’s international!

Unlike the title implies, I needed this source for some information on Australia’s last mass shooting as evidence in a point. I did nothing with any of the information on Trump which should please the supporters who may happen to come across me writing this.

Ah, the great deeds of these kids but these people are idiots. I mean, denying a law when the people who had been hurt were right there? Do you want to keep your jobs? But I’m off track, sort of. I used this article in my closing paragraph before the conclusion as a shift implied bias to actual bias.

Again, not what the title implies, this source was used to get a definition of state guards in order to compare them to the definition of a militia, evident in my opening paragraphs on the spirit of the 2nd Amendment.

A quote from this was used in another source but I decided to use the original source instead of the quote. Don’t be scared off of it being a blog, this guy is a well researched professor who was mentioned by other scholarly articles.

This was quintessential to discovering they key of international laws compared to US laws and opened up the unique avenue of the Yemen v.s US comparison.

“CDC Saved Search Page.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, wonder.cdc.gov/controller/saved/D77/D31F731.

No, I did not just cite the source of the search page for the CDC. Unique to this link, being a saved result, only the link itself can be used to access the document and any other query in code came up with an error. The research within showed the deaths rates of gun violence and the number of deaths by guns in all years but I used only the 2016 data, the most recent.

“Chapter 4.” Gun Politics in America: Historical and Modern Documents in Context, by Harry L Wilson, vol. 1, ABC-CLIO, 2016, pp. 168.

So, this book just had chapters by number and no official name so Chapter 4 is all I could give for a title. This is cited for a quote and information that detailed the Black Panther’s values and beliefs of guns. And no, I am not talking about the movie.

Coleman, Arica L. “National Rifle Association’s Change on Gun Control in 1970s.” Time, Time, 29 July 2016, time.com/4431356/nra-gun-control-history/

This provided a basic and watered down history of the NRA which I confirmed with other sources before applying into my essay.

Cooper, Marta. “The UK Responded to One of Its Worst Mass Shootings by Doing Something America Won’t.” Quartz, Quartz, 18 June 2016, qz.com/705270/how-the-uk-responded-to-one-of-the-worst-mass-shooting-in-its-history/.

This was a very interesting read and was applied along with Australia to analyze gun laws around the world.

This was more on the personal subject, breaking style to voice my opinions on mental health being I have something that many consider a disease. This was then great to prove my point and I was excited to actually find this, a sort of vindication for self worth as well.

“Defending Our Second Amendment Rights Begins Here!” Home — NRA ILA, act.nraila.org/.

The reality in which I found myself knowing this existed became scary as I saw what this was and applied it in the paragraph on the NRA’s policy. To think there is a site that can organize and systematically endorse or destroy any bill regarding guns is just terrifying

This video just ticked me off and you can tell why in the closing paragraph. This spokesperson, who loved Emma for standing up then avoids directly answering the question and rants on on other ideals and facts that had nothing to do with the argument at hand.

This source offered some incredible graphs that tied the issue at hand to the Yemen v.s. US comparison nicely

Jenkins, Aric. “Delta Air Lines Doubles Down on Cutting Ties With the NRA.” Time, Time, 2 Mar. 2018, time.com/5182755/delta-airlines-nra-atlanta-georgia/.

A quote from the CEO of Delta was used to start my last ditch effort to convince others and I must say that the idea behind the quote should be applicable in all things.

Now many will say that using a talk show as a source is incredibly biased but I disagree, as the evidence he displayed is viable, easy to understand, and backed up by other sources so I see no problem. It was a nice transition as well from public facts to more scholarly ones.

“Legends, Lies & Cherished Myths of American History.” Legends, Lies & Cherished Myths of American History, by Richard Shenkman, Harper Collins, 1988, pp. 112

This was incredible to have both my point proved and my childhood fantasies destroyed in the matter of reading one quote. That’s not even the only Mandela Effect I’ve broken out of in writing this.

In conjunction with the previous Time article, I used this to find the background of the NRA.

More connections to the automobile comparison, this helped to find the number of deaths by cars in 2016 to compare to the previous number of deaths via guns.

The nerve of this woman. To say that she loved the bravery of the kids from Parkland in a previous citation and then go on to attack their supporters. True cruelty.

Pullen, John Patrick, et al. “Nikolas Cruz Named as Alleged Florida School Shooter.” Time, Time, 14 Feb. 2018, time.com/5159134/who-is-the-florida-shooter-parkland-nicolas-cruz/.

After reading this, I hope desperately that this never happens again. And yet, I am lying as another school shooting happened within a month of that one. Used to find details on the shooter for the opening paragraphs.

My main source for the laws of colonial times, this is probably my favorite source out of all of these. It was so fun and interesting to learn about all these laws and break out of another Mandela Effect while then reading the claims of the NRA and learning how hilariously disjointed every one of their claims are.

Stone, Michael H. “Mass Murder, Mental Illness, and Men.” Violence and Gender, vol. 2, no. 1, 2015, pp. 51–86., doi:10.1089/vio.2015.0006.

Take that anyone who wants to lob gun violence into mass shootings! 22% over 100 years. Yes, that is a big number but 78% were not mentally ill shooters. This yielded a great graph and was also enjoyable to read and find out how mass shootings never existed before the 1900’s.

I believe this is the last Mandela Effect I broke out of, finding out the true spirit of the second amendment that then drove this essay to what it has become. It is one of the foundational phrases of my thesis.

Another quick detail to find why Japan laws are so strict. Great to see how different they are from the rest of the world. We entered into the Cold War, they entered into a state of peace.

This. This is amazing. It is so rare to see a company willing to put aside profits and even a main source of revenue to stick to values. Now these are people I would love to work for.

Although this wasn’t a big deal or push in my paper, I included it to directly address political claims on video games being a source for violence, without actually stating so in the actual paper.

No, I did not cite a whole website. I used this to find the various hashtags for the last ditch closing as well as some tweets from the NRA that clashed with ideas that I had found and researched.

I already love Lin’s work on Hamilton but to have him and other stars then support the topic of mine and help out in the cause was way too cool. Used in the last ditch effort closing as well but this was most personal to me

Winkler, Adam. “Nation’s Founders Balanced Gun Rights with Public Safety.” UCLA Newsroom, 31 July 2012, newsroom.ucla.edu/stories/country-s-founders-balanced-gun-237079.

Used to further point out the myths of the Wild West and I just noticed that it is written by the same guy that is cited in many other sources of mine. Neat.

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